Tabular Presentation of data is a method of presentation of data. When administrative data are used for statistical purposes, the first problem to be faced is that the information acquired is not exactly that which is needed, since questionnaires are designed for specific administrative purposes. 8. One should examine various alternatives when choosing research strategy. Identify the instruments, practices, procedures, policies and standards implemented to facilitate sustainability and level of integration of environmental and social issues in overall business strategies. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! Specific research outlined in Chapter 5 was carried out as a case study on stakeholder-organisational relationship at a typical steel plant in India. Archival analysis is the most efficient, effective and cheapest method for gathering the existing wealth of literature on the subject matter to form a thorough understanding of the concept of sustainable development and sustainable construction. Assessment of level of engagement with the stakeholders, 13. Each minterm covered by a given prime implicant is marked in the appropriate position. Assessment of stakeholders and organizational relationship, 7. Finally, the number of returned questionnaire approached the figure of 50. There is neither a fast rule to selecting research methods nor best research method, as the use of each research method depends on the form of research question, the research objectives and contextual situation (Yin, 1994). The tabular method reduces the function to a set of prime implicants. It typically involves cross-sectional and longitudinal studies using questionnaires or interviews to collect large amount of data. Data about variables is recorded in a table or matrix. Price - Actual dollars spent per completed survey when the only cost of contacting someone was to send them an e-mail is low when compared to other methods; Online surveys are accessible to most target audiences. Note that the ticks are just there to show that one term has been combined with another term. 5. Explanatory research aims to explain why a phenomenon occurs. According to Yin (1994), four tests are commonly used to establish the quality of any empirical social research such as construct validity, internal validity, external validity and reliability. Attempt to motivate informants to cooperate with the study seriously, All participants have been informed that the summary of the findings will be circulated, Informants were requested to provide inputs in designated time frame, Assess the impact of alternate framing of questions, Discussion organized at the initial stage to resolve the questionnaire format, Followed in the questionnaire development; most were selected questions with valid measurement properties. Among various advantages, it facilitates in-depth study; produces overwhelming detailed information with a smaller number of people; and provides a great understanding of the topic under study. Limited response: the persons who cooperate or respond the questionnaire are very few in number. Further, the archival analysis does not require control over the behavioural events, but on the other hand, it focuses on non-contemporary events. Table 3.5 summarizes the extent to which these guidelines are followed in this study to demonstrate that as far as possible the data was free from informant-specific measurement error. 5 Major Objectives Of Tabulation: (1) To Simplify the Complex Data Consider the function f(A, B, C, D) = (0,1,2,3,5,7,8,10,12,13,15), note that this is in decimal form. Therefore, the study can also be described as an exploratory study. 15. Investigate the concept of sustainable development in steel industry. Several survey methods used during the course of the PhD study are detailed below. (0000,0001,0010,0011,0101,0111,1000,1010,1100,1101,1111) in binary form. Errors and Mistakes: Since graphical representations are complex, there is- each and every chance of errors and mistakes.This causes problems for a better understanding of general people. We can therefore use either Explain which nonsampling errors led to the incorrect conclusion regarding the election. Nonetheless, manual data processing is also more prone to error, slower than its automated counterpart, and requires more time and expense on … 1st Jan 1970 Yin (1994) explains three different types of purposes for research namely exploratory, descriptive and explanatory. In previous chapter, we discussed K-map method, which is a convenient method for minimizing Boolean functions up to 5 variables. Management Study for free with our range of university lectures! Descriptive research involves examining a phenomenon to define it more or to differentiate it from other phenomena (Dane, 1990; Martella et al., 1999). Identify areas and application to the steel industry for demonstrating progress in the sustainability performance. Logical sources 2. The Quine McCluskey tabulation method is a specific step-by-step procedure to achieve guaranteed, simplified standard form of expression for a function. To achieve this, researchers develop theories. 3. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. To simplify Boolean functions (or switching functions), one might use the Karnaugh map method when there are not that many variables used. As usual a variable in true form is denoted by 1, in Organization of data means classification, tabulation, graphical presentation and diagrammatic presentation of data. Disadvantages of questionnaire Method Disadvantages of questionnaire Method are as follows:- 1. This paper is concerned with an analysis of this tech-nique with a view to explore the possibility of its use in projects concern-ing law, judiciary and the vast hitherto untapped field of legal research. Cross-tabs or cross tabulation is a quantitative research method appropriate for analyzing the relationship between two or more variables. These prime implicants are then examined to see if some are redundant. Some research questions which start with what require survey method to focus on contemporary events. The combination of the two approaches is termed triangulation. The various methods used in this research are described in following sections. In the case study four sources of evidence were used : documentation, archival records, interview and direct observations. Quine–McCluskey method is a tabular method that has an advantage over Karnaugh maps when a large number of inputs are present (more than five variables). Reliability focuses on the question of whether the measurement device produces consistent results across observations, providing the researcher with a way of assessing the trustworthiness of the findings (Martella et al., 1999). Due to their negligent attitude most of them fall to mail answers. There are different research methods and all research methods can be used to understand specific type of information or combined to support and complement one another (Kane, 1977; Frankfort-Nachmias, 1996). Combining both quantitative and qualitative research methods has proven to be more powerful than a single approach (Sherif, 2002) and very effective (Lee, 1991). Other questions which are how question, and possible research strategies are experiment, survey, archival analysis, history, or a case study. 1. Triangulation is a process of using more than one form of research method to test a hypothesis (Brannen et al., 1992). For example, the survey that determined the frequency or number of employees of a firm owning different brands of mobile phones like Blackberry, Nokia, I phone, etc. The prime implicants are: + + These terms from the first list are then seperated into groups in the second list. The Cronbach’s α (alpha) for reliability of internal consistency (Pedhazur and Schmelkin 1991; Tabachnick and Fidell 2001) was obtained for the scales used in the surveys in the present study. Looking for a flexible role? Evaluate, How significant are the stakeholders’ legitimacy to influence and urgency to influence the steel companies sustainability issues? Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. 6. The reason for exclusion of small steel companies was that the issues related to sustainable practices might not be much relevant to very small steel companies. In general, any electronic system based on the digital logic uses binary notation (zeros and ones) to represent the states of the variables involved in it. AC. According to Huber and Power (1985), the ‘key informant’ approach for obtaining quantitative data on organizational properties is widespread in organizational and strategic management research, but they warn that its use requires careful consideration of certain issues to reduce potential measurement error. Since the study used the detailed literature to derive the item statements and identified the various key issues, it can be argued that the study started as a descriptive study. Investigate the benefits , motivations, barriers and driving force of the sustainability in steel companies, 4. Tabulation facilitates comparison, analysis and interpretation of data easily with the help of statistical measures such as averages, dispersion, correlation, regression, deviations etc. The method A review of the pros ande cons of questionnaires highlight questionnaires as an instrument that allows standardization, ease of use, and anonymity. The tabular method which is also known as the Quine-McCluskey method is In other words, the method of placing organised data into a tabular form is called as tabulation. Evaluate, how significant are the stakeholders’ powers to influence the steel companies sustainability issues and company’s influence on stakeholders? From the first list, we combine terms that differ by 1 digit only from one index group to the next. (0,1,1,2,2,3,1,2,2,3,4) in the index form. inverted form by 0, and the abscence of a variable by a dash ( - ). The review helped to identify gaps in knowledge and formed the basis for developing the framework to aid the implementation of sustainability issues at the strategic level. K-maps are not suitable when the number of variables involved exceed four. Qualitative research consists of detailed descriptions of events, people, interactions and observed behaviours (Patton, 1992) and general opinion. There are no disadvantages of offering rewards or incentives to increase response rates. The individual case is chosen on the basis that they are representative of a sample group that can be used to demonstrate particular facets of topic of research (Beatham, 2003). Empirical studies are lengthy. The other minterms of the function are 1, 3 and 12. Bear in mind that when two terms are combined, one of the combined terms has one digit more at logic 1 than the other combined term. + C + A, From the second list note that the term having an index of 0 can be combined with the terms of index 1. 4 QM Method Example Step 1 : Divide all the minterms (and don’t cares) of a … Chances of bias 2. According to Brannen (1992), quantitative research is concerned with attitudes and large-scale surveys rather than simply with behaviour and small-scale surveys. (iii) The nature of statistical analyses undertaken. Note that the only prime implicant here is Z = . You can view samples of our professional work here. Need for subject specific knowledge 4. changeability of sampling units 5. impossibility of sampling. It differs to other qualitative research studies in the sense that the focus of attention is on individual cases as opposed to the whole population of cases (Ruiker, 2004). Identification of key environmental, social and economic indicators for aggregation, 17. Depending upon the number of variables and data analysis methods used, primary data analysis cannot be fit in less than 3000 words. The tabular method makes repeated use of the law A + = 1. Identify internal and external stakeholders and Who are the steel companies key stakeholders. This allows those creating and reviewing the graphs to see where two or more pieces of data directly relate to or affect one another. Bear in mind that the dash indicates a missing variable and must line up in order to get a third list. These prime implicants are then examined to see if some are redundant. The purpose of this thesis is to explore and describe the understanding of sustainability issues and organizational experiences with stakeholders, in order to generate knowledge about the contribution of sustainability management system implementation. 6. A truth table is a list of every possible output for every possible input. The following guidelines have been suggested by Saunders, Lewis and Thronhill (2000): The confidence on the sample data as to what extent it represents the characteristics of the population; The accuracy with which the sample data estimates various population parameters; and. A disadvantage of a line graph is that one particular data point cannot be effectively evaluated using this method. the function, although decimal notation is also used for the In fact, Qualtrics estimates that Cross-Tabulation Analysis and Single Variable Frequency Analysis together account for more than 90% of all research analyses. Minterm 12 is present in A and AB, so again either can be used. Survey is one of the most widely used methods in social sciences to provide a representative sample of the area of study and serves as an efficient and effective means of looking at a far greater number of variables than is possible with experimental approaches (Galiers 1992). The choice of research methodology and the reasons for its selection are also provided and mapped out against research objectives and associated tasks along with anticipated research output in Table 3.6. Note that Binary notation is used for Difficulties in selecting truly a representative sample 3. The research work develops methodological foundations for the construction of sector-specific composite indicator. 9. of these prime implicants for these minterms. 3. The survey questionnaire was employed in this study to collect the data because it enabled a systematic collection of predominantly quantitative data (Borg and Gall 1989). The axes of the table may be specified as being just one variable or formed from a number of variables. The reliability of the sample depends upon the appropriateness of the sampling method used. Explain how to calculate percentages in a cross-tabulation table and how to interpret the results. All these factors however also become the basis for major disadvantages. number of variables, e.g. It is defined as ‘an inquiry into a social or human problem, based on testing a hypothesis or theory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analysed with statistical procedure to determine whether the hypothesis or theory hold true’ (Creswell, 1994). Questionnaires were distributed to 120 managers of 48 steel companies’ world wide. 1. The population of this study was made up of large sized steel companies world-wide. Advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods are discussed on a comparative basis. Registered Data Controller No: Z1821391. is also an essential prime implicant. programs have been developed employing this algorithm. A survey has been carried out involving 15 experts from different functional areas of the steel plant under the study to identify the key sustainability performance indicators. Hussey and Hussey (1997) argue that research constructs in a descriptive study must be supported by established theory. Disadvantages of questionnaires however also stem from the same factors that provide the advantage. It involves a thorough and proper analysis of data and facts with the help of both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Thus, one minimal solution is: Z = + BD + + Yin (1994) explains three different types of purposes for research namely exploratory, descriptive and explanatory. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! This section provides a brief description of these research methods. From the above chart, BD is an essential prime implicant. VAT Registration No: 842417633. Consider the function: Z = f(A,B,C) = + Documentation, archival records, interviews, direct observations, participant’s observations and physical artefacts. sum of products form to a set of prime implicants from which as The chart is used to remove redundant prime implicants. However, if a greater amount of variables are used or if several Boolean functions need simplification, using a computer is ideal. Table 3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Survey Methods (Source: OWBC, 2001), Require easily understood questions and instructions, Lack of chance to probe for further or clarity of answers, Allows high flexibility in the questioning process, Interviewers have control of the interviewing situation, Possibility of collecting supplementary information, Potential interviewers bias due to high flexibility, Lack of anonymity; hesitant to disclose personal data, Increase speed and time of data collection, Hesitancy to discuss sensitive data on phone, High chance of respondents terminating interview earlier. Table 3.4 provides the road map utilised to implement the present research work. There are many disadvantages of tabular form of data, out of many some of the major disadvantages of tabular representation of data are It does not give a visual presentation of data, it only gives textual representation ; Tabular data is only good for differences of points or if we tally two or more topics ; Tabular representation won’t provide much of definitions it only helps to tally functions. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. Attempt this in your notes. A case study may combine a variety of data collection methods and research strategies (Fellow and Liu, 2003). One should examine various alternatives when choosing research strategy. 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